高端访谈张兢田→布莱德利·休斯

高校写作中心:性质、作用及运作机制

——Bradley Hughes 教授访谈

张兢田¹ 布莱德利•休斯²

（1. 同济大学 外国语学院, 上海 200092

2. 美国威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校, 威斯康星麦迪逊 53706）

【摘要】近年来，随着我国年轻学者国际论文数量的增长，一些高校陆续建立起自己的英语写作中心。布莱德利·休斯教授曾担任美国威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校的写作中心主任长达三十五年之久，作为经验丰富的写作中心管理者和指导专家，他热情地接受了作者关于写作中心理论和实践相关问题的采访。休斯教授从写作中心在美国的兴起和功能谈起，逐步深入到写作中心如何对高校师生的写作兴趣和水平产生潜移默化的影响，并对中心的性质、功能、运作机制、理论体系、面临的挑战等一系列问题逐一展开说明。休斯教授非常关注中国高校写作中心的发展，访谈最后给出了具体的建议和美好的祝愿。

【关键词】写作中心；写作辅导；写作理论；运作机制；辅导员

The Nature, Functions and Organization of University Writing Centers:

An Interview with Professor Bradley Hughes

ZHANG Jingtian¹, Bradley Hughes²

(1. School of Foreign Languages, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China

2. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA)

Abstract: With an increase in the number of international papers by young scholars in China, some colleges and universities have gradually established their own English writing centers. Professor Bradley Hughes had served as the director of the Writing Center at University of Wisconsin-Madison for thirty-five years. As an experienced writing center administrator and tutoring expert, he enthusiastically accepted the author's interview on theoretical and practical issues related to writing centers.  The interview started from the origin and functions of writing centers in the United States, followed by how writing centers influence the writing interests and abilities of participants. Professor Hughes answered a series of questions about writing centers, including the nature, functions, organizational principles, related theories and challenges. Professor Hughes shows great concern about the development of writing centers at Chinese universities. Finally, he gave specific advice and best wishes for the development of writing centers in China.

Keywords: writing center; writing instruction; writing theories; organizational principles; tutors

语言研究功能视阈下的语言本体研究

现代汉语“所”字的功能视角研究

何伟　莫振峰

（北京外国语大学 中国外语与教育研究中心, 北京　100089）

【摘要】本文基于系统功能语言学内部的加的夫语法，对现代汉语“所”字的用法进行探讨，旨在界定“所”字在不同情况下体现的语义和句法功能。研究表明：在语义层面，“所”字可表达概念意义、人际意义和语篇意义，其中概念意义包括指称、计量、分类、个体化、转指、轻量、程度加深等经验意义和动词主体的指向明确性逻辑意义，人际意义包括交际者教育背景、心理距离、言语审美等语旨特征和强调及弱化情态意义，语篇意义指正式语体特点；在句法层面，“所”字可说明名词词组中的中心词、中心词触发语和数量限定词，量词词组中的量标，性质词组中的程度调节词，数量词组中的调节项，以及小句中的状语。

【关键词】“所”字；加的夫语法；语义功能；句法功能

The Chinese Character Suo: A Functional Approach

HE Wei, MO Zhenfeng

(The National Research Centre for Foreign Language Education,

Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing 100089, China)

Abstract: Based on the Cardiff Grammar, a model of Systemic Functional Linguistics, this paper investigates the Chinese character suo in order to specify its meanings in different contexts and the corresponding syntactic elements it expounds. The research results show that suo can express ideational, interpersonal and textual meanings simultaneously. The ideational meanings include experiential meanings-reference, measurement, classification, individualization, transferred-designation, amount limitation and degree amplification, and logical meanings-clarification of logical subject; the interpersonal meanings are mainly about tenor-communicators' educational background, psychological distance, and aesthetic orientation in speech, and modality-emphasis and weakening; the textual meaning is about formality. At the level of syntax, suo can expound the head, head trigger, and quantifying determiner of nominal group, the measure of measure group, the degree temperer of quality group, the adjustor of quantity group, and the Adjunct of clause.

Keywords: suo; the Cardiff Grammar; semantic function; syntactic function

基于语料库的反义形容词 cold/hot 的不对称性研究

吴淑琼¹ 张雪²

（1. 四川外国语大学 外国语文研究中心, 重庆 400031

2. 四川外国语大学 英语学院, 重庆 400031）

【摘要】本研究采用基于语料库的行为特征分析法，运用聚类分析和对应分析考察了反义形容词cold/hot内部语义结构和用法特征的不对称性。研究发现：（1）Cold和hot作为多义温度词，其内部语义结构存在显著的不对称性。Cold的各个义项聚成两个大类，而hot的义项聚成四个大类；二者均以温度域为源域，通过概念隐喻映射到视觉、程度、态度、脾性、加工方式等目标域，但cold还可映射到事件状态、生命状态等概念域，hot亦可映射到关注度、处境、时效等概念域。（2）Cold和hot的用法特征也呈现出相似性和差异性。用作本义时，二者对称性显著；用作隐喻义时，不对称性显著。本研究为反义词的不对称性研究提供了新的路径。

【关键词】反义形容词；不对称性；行为特征；语料库

A Corpus-based Study on Asymmetry of Antonymous Adjectives Cold/Hot

WU Shuqiong¹,  ZHANG Xue²

(1. Center for Linguistic, Literary & Cultural Studies, Sichuan International Studies University, Chongqing 400031, China

2. Schools of English Studies, Sichuan International Studies University, Chongqing 400031, China)

Abstract: Adopting a corpus-based behavioral profile analysis, this paper examines the asymmetry of antonymous adjectives cold/hot in internal semantic structures and usage features by performing cluster analysis and correspondence analysis. The analyses yield the following findings. First, as polysemous temperature terms, cold and hot display asymmetry in internal semantic structures. The senses of cold are clustered into two categories, while the senses of hot are grouped into four categories. Taking the temperature domain as the source domain, both cold and hot can be mapped into the target domains of vision, degree, attitude, temperament and processing by conceptual metaphors, but cold can be extended from temperature to abstract concepts such as event state and life state, while the senses of hot can be extended to cognitive domains such as attention, situation and timeliness. Second, the usage features of cold and hot also display similarities and differences. When used literally, cold and hot show obvious symmetry in usage features. By contrast, when used metaphorically, they display an obvious asymmetry. This study provides a new path for the study of antonym asymmetry.

Keywords: antonymous adjectives; asymmetry; behavioral profile; corpus

旁格宾语的理想认知模型观

蔡满园

（信阳师范学院 外国语学院, 河南 信阳 464000）

【摘要】本文以认知语义学的理想认知模型解释旁格宾语的形成机制，研究发现旁格宾语的形成符合理想认知模型的多重认知结构。理想认知模型包括命题结构原则、意象图式原则、隐喻映射和转喻映射原则，它们是理解旁格宾语形成机制的先决概念条件。旁格宾语与动词建立的对应关系源于由多个认知模型组构而成的群集模型格式塔完形，其形成动因是心理主体认知群集模型突显的改变。

【关键词】旁格宾语；形成机制；理想认知模型

On Oblique Object Based on Idealised Cognitive Model

CAI Manyuan

(School of Foreign Languages, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China)

Abstract: This paper investigates the generation mechanisms of the oblique object in Mandarin based on Idealised Cognitive Model (ICM) theory in cognitive semantics. It is found that the rationality of the generation of oblique object is consistent with the multiple cognitive structure of ICM. They include the principle of propositional structure, the principle of image schema, the principle of metaphorical map- ping and metonymy mapping, which are the prerequisite conceptual conditions for the generative and interpretive mechanisms of the oblique object. By establishing corresponding relations with the verb, object is derived from component cognitive models of the gestalt of cluster models through the conceptualizer's psychological changes of the cluster model.

Keywords: Oblique Object; Generative Mechanism; ICM
 

教学研究外语教师专业发展研究

外语教师跨学科研究能力概念内涵及研究进展评析

陶伟

（浙江外国语学院 英语语言文化学院, 浙江 杭州 310023）

【摘要】新文科建设要求高校外语教师发展跨学科研究能力，但外语学科对跨学科研究能力的概念内涵尚不清晰，相关研究也不深入。本文综合国内外文献提出跨学科研究能力是由外语教师个体内素质和人际间素质共同构成的复杂概念，前者包括跨学科的问题表征能力、方法移植能力和知识转换能力等，后者包括学术交流能力和群体融合能力等。在评析教师跨学科研究能力基本现状、影响因素和发展路径具体研究的基础上，指出未来外语教师跨学科研究能力研究走向。

【关键词】跨学科研究能力；概念内涵；外语教师

A Crtical Review of the Connotation and Studies of Interdisciplinary Research Competency of Foreign Language Teachers

TAO Wei

(School of English Studies, Zhejiang International Studies University, Hangzhou 310023, China)

Abstract: The construction of the new liberal arts requires university foreign language teachers to develop interdisciplinary research competency. However, there is neither shared understanding of its connotation nor in-depth research on it. Based on a review of domestic and foreign literature, this paper proposes that interdisciplinary research competency is a complex concept that is composed of foreign language teachers'  intrapersonal and interpersonal qualities.  The former covers interdisciplinary problem representation competence, interdisciplinary method transplantation competence, and interdisciplinary knowledge transference competence; the latter includes academic communication competence, and group integration competence. The paper then critically reviews studies on the status quo, influencing factors and developmental routes of interdisciplinary research competency, pointing out directions for future research.

Keywords: interdisciplinary research competency; connotation; foreign language teachers

国内访学项目对英语教师专业发展影响的个案研究：活动理论视角

卢军坪

（上海第二工业大学 文理学部, 上海  201209；

北京外国语大学 英语学院, 北京 100089）

【摘要】本研究采用质性个案研究，从活动理论视角出发探究国内访学项目对英语教师专业发展的影响。研究发现：（1）国内访学是由多个要素构成的社会文化实践活动系统，作为主体的访学教师借助各类中介，获得专业发展。中介包括他者（专家、导师、同伴）、实践活动（课堂观摩、学术汇报、参加讲座）以及文化制品（专业书籍、文献资料、反思日志）；（2）主体在中介的调节下，通过自我反思及内化，实现其发展目标，具体表现在主体的科研层面（科研知识与能力、科研观念及习惯）、教学层面（教学理念、教学方法）以及情感和态度层面发生变化。研究为通过国内访学项目促进教师发展提供了实践经验，同时为在职教师学习理论提供了实证依据。

【关键词】活动理论；国内访学项目；英语教师；专业发展

A Case Study of the Impact of Domestic Visiting Scholar Program on EFL Teachers' Professional Development: An Activity Theory Perspective

LU Junping

(College of Arts and Sciences, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China;

School of English and International Studies, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing 100089, China)

Abstract: By adopting a qualitative case study, this paper explored the impact of the Domestic Visiting Scholar Program (DVSP) on  EFL  teachers'  professional  development  from  an  activity  theory  perspective. Two findings emerged from data analysis.  First, DVSP was a kind of social and cultural practice system composed of multiple elements. As the subjects of the activity system, visiting-scholar teachers obtained professional development with the help of various mediations. The mediations included others (i. e., experts, mentors, peers), practical activities (i. e., classroom observation, academic presentation, attending lectures), and cultural artifacts (i. e., theoretical books, literature, reflection logs). Second, the teachers, relying on mediations, turned their objects into concrete outcomes through reflection and internalization. Specifically, the DVSP promoted teachers' development in their research (research knowledge and ability, research concepts and habits), teaching (teaching philosophy and teaching approach), emotions and attitude dimensions. The study provides empirical evidence for promoting teachers' development through the DVSP, and thus sheds light on understanding in-service language teacher learning.

Keywords: activity theory; Domestic Visiting Scholar Program (DVSP); EFL teachers; professional development

高校女性专家型外语教师专业发展轨迹可视化研究

程向莉 周艺璇

（武汉大学 外国语言文学学院, 武汉 430072）

【摘要】本研究以两位有代表性的女性专家型外语教师作为研究对象，将她们的科研发表成果建成微型数据库，回溯她们的专业发展路径。通过CiteSpace可视化分析，发现两位女性专家型外语教师在科研论文数量和质量两方面皆有引领示范作用，且呈现出阶段性和延续性的特征。为了探究她们专业发展的动因，本研究进一步以两位女性专家型外语教师公开发表的自叙和访谈为研究素材，基于Clarke和Hollingsworth（2002）的教师发展模型分析数据，发现她们的专业能力发展可归因为外因和内因。外因包括同行、学校和社会环境的影响，内因包含主观能动性、反思意识和创新精神。本研究旨在帮助高校女性外语教师更好地定位自身角色，突破职业高原期，成长为专家型外语教师。

【关键词】外语教师；专业发展；高校女性教师；可视化分析

A Visual Analysis of the Trajectory of Female Expert FL Teachers' Professional Development at Tertiary Level

CHENG Xiangli, ZHOU Yixuan

(School of Foreign Languages and Literature, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China)

Abstract: The study takes two representative female expert FL teachers as the research subjects and establishes a mini-database of their publications to investigate retrospectively the trajectory of their professional development. By applying CiteSpace to conduct a visual analysis of their publications, it is revealed that the two female expert FL teachers play a leading and exemplary role in terms of both quantity and quality of academic publications, which are characterized by periodicity and continuity. To explore the motivation of their professional development, the study further employs the two female expert FL teachers' published autobiographies and interviews as research data.  By adopting Clarke and Hollingsworth's model (2002) of professional development of teachers, it is found that their profes- sional development can be both attributed to external and internal factors. External factors encompass influences from peers, university administration and social environment, while internal factors include autonomous initiative, reflective awareness and innovative spirit. The research aims to help female FL university teachers to better position themselves, break through the professional plateau, and advance into expert FL teachers.

Keywords: FL teachers; professional development; female university teachers; visual analysis

文学研究“非洲英语文学研究”专题

主持人按语：朱振武

2021年10月7日，英籍坦桑尼亚作家阿卜杜勒拉扎克·古尔纳（Abdulrazak Gurnah，1948—）获得诺贝尔文学奖，并由此引发2021年的非洲文学获奖潮。2021年10月20日，葡萄牙语文学最高奖项卡蒙斯奖（PrémioCamões）宣布莫桑比克作家保利娜·希吉娅尼（Paulina Chiziane, 1955—）获奖；10月26日，美国的纽斯塔特国际文学奖（Neustadt International Prize for Literature）宣布塞内加尔作家布巴卡尔·鲍里斯·迪奥普（Boubacar Boris Diop, 1946—）获奖；11月3日，英语文学最高奖项布克奖（Booker Prize）和法语文学最高奖项龚古尔奖（Prix Goncourt）同日揭晓，分别宣布南非作家达蒙·加格特（Damon Galgut, 1963—）和塞内加尔作家穆罕默德·姆布加尔·萨尔（Mohamed Mbougar Sarr, 1990—）获奖。正如古尔纳获得诺贝尔文学奖绝非偶然一样，非洲文学受到普遍关注也有其深层原因。

本期的“非洲英语文学研究”专题收录的三篇文章从不同角度对非洲英语文学的成功和魅力进行了阐释和揭示。《身份认同与共同体意识——最新诺奖作家古尔纳〈最后的礼物〉的创作旨归》聚焦古尔纳的第八部小说《最后的礼物》，从中挖掘出作者对流散家庭的复写和身份缺失的纠葛。正如作者所言，古尔纳在作品中彰显出的对未来的企盼及其文化共同体意识是值得关注的。《〈雨云聚集之时〉的生命政治书写与共同体想象》着墨于博茨瓦纳作家贝西·黑德的小说《雨云聚集之时》，作者不约而同地把论文主旨对准了贝西·黑德的共同体意识，让人免不了要说“英雄所见略同”的套语。《古尔纳长篇小说国外研究述评》对古尔纳的长篇小说在国外的研究进行了精心梳理和考察，对国外研究的成绩和不足给予了合情合理的分析，对国内研究具有良好的启示。

非洲文学同中国文学在世界上的遭遇有颇多相似之处，那就是一直以来都处在边缘和非主流状态。试想，没有占世界六分之一人口的中国文学和占全球陆地面积五分之一，人口超过13亿的非洲文学的参与，世界文学的多样性怎么体现？非洲文学越来越走近中心，一个重要的原因就是其逐渐表现出的身份认同、边缘化处境、种族歧视、性别压迫和家园找寻等鲜明的流散症候征及其普遍意义。这一点在非洲获得诺贝尔文学奖的七位作家的创作中表现得更加明显，只不过每位作家的表现形式不尽相同而已。

总体来说，非洲文学都是流散文学，根据不同情况可分为异邦流散、本土流散和殖民流散三大类（详见朱振武、袁俊卿：《流散文学的时代表征及其世界意义——以非洲英语文学为例》, 《中国社会科学》, 2019年第7期，第135-158页）。古尔纳是“异邦流散作家”的杰出代表，这是其小说创作得到高度认可的重要原因。因此，研究和学习非洲文学，不能总是跟在别人的后面人云亦云，不能总是对西方学界的判断言听计从，而是应该从一手资料入手，做出自己的学理分析和专业判断，这样才能走向国际，形成真正的对话。

身份认同与共同体意识

——最新诺奖作家古尔纳《最后的礼物》的创作旨归

朱振武 游铭悦

（上海师范大学 人文学院, 上海 200234）

【摘要】流散于世界各地的非洲边缘人民生活日益成为人文学者及作家关注的焦点。2021 年诺贝尔文学奖得主、坦桑尼亚作家阿卜杜勒拉扎克·古尔纳（Abdulrazak Gurnah） 的多部小说均以自身经验为基础，对非洲流散者的生存境遇与出路问题给予了深切关注与思考。他的第八部小说《最后的礼物》更加关注流散家庭，着重复写流散者缺失身份认同的群体经验，探索不同时代人物身份认知的相互纠葛以及解决矛盾的心灵和解之路，彰显出作者对流散者未来的企盼和文化共同体意识。

【关键词】古尔纳；身份认同；非洲流散；共同体意识；和解之路

Identity and Sense of Community:

On Abdulrazak Gurnah's The Last Gift

ZHU Zhenwu, YOU Mingyue

(School of Humanities, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China)

Abstract: The marginal lives of African diaspora have increasingly been the focus of many humanists and writers. Abdulrazak Gurnah, the winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature, also contributes to the exploration. Drawing on the personal experience, this Tanzanian writer pays close attention to the plight of Africans who have migrated to other countries and their possible way out. The Last Gift, Gurnah's eighth  novel, more  profoundly  concerns  the  experiences  of  the  diaspora  family,  focusing on the collective experience of their loss of identity. Gurnah tries to represent the identity entanglement among characters of different generations, as well as the reconciliation of their contradiction, which reveals his anticipation for a better future and his sense of cultural community.

Keywords: Gurnah; identity; African diaspora; sense of community; path to reconciliation

古尔纳长篇小说国外研究述评

周和军

（天津外国语大学 国际教育学院, 天津 300204）

【摘要】阿卜杜勒拉扎克·古尔纳（Abdulrazak Gurnah）于2021年获得诺贝尔文学奖。国外学界对古尔纳长篇小说的研究始于1988年。2000年之前，古尔纳已出版5部长篇小说，但同时代对他小说的研究屈指可数。原因在于许多国外学者把他视为批评家，对其文学作品关注不够。2000年之后，对于古尔纳小说的研究逐渐向纵深发展。国外研究聚焦其小说中的殖民历史、种族歧视、难民问题、身份归属、叙事策略、流亡主题和互文关系等问题。本文对国外关于古尔纳长篇小说研究进行述评，指出其存在的不足并展望研究前景。

【关键词】古尔纳；研究现状；后殖民书写；流散书写

Research Progress on Gurnah's Novels: A Review

ZHOU Hejun

(School of International Education, Tianjin Foreign Studies University, Tianjin 300204, China)

Abstract: Abdulrazak Gurnah won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2021. The foreign studies of Gurnah's novels began in 1988, and before 2000, Gurnah had published five novels, but there are fewer contemporaneous studies on his novels.  After 2000, studies of Gurnah's novels have gradually developed in depth. Most foreign studies have focused on issues such as colonial history, racial discrimination, refugee issues, identity, narrative strategies, exile themes and intertextual relations in his fictional texts.  This article not only reviews foreign studies on Gurnah's novels, but also points out some inadequacies and looks into the research prospects.

Keywords: Gurnah; research progress; postcolonial writing; diasporic writing

《雨云聚集之时》的生命政治书写与共同体想象

李美芹¹ 陈秀蓉²

（1. 东南大学 外国语学院, 江苏 南京 211189

2. 浙江工商大学 外国语学院, 浙江 杭州 310018）

【摘要】南非作家贝西·黑德的小说《雨云聚集之时》体现了生命政治中的“赤裸生命”、潜在性本体论的生命向度，以及对“来临中的共同体”想象。以副酋长玛登格为代表的至高权力为了将马克哈亚、波琳娜·赛比索和白人吉尔伯特·巴尔弗时刻转变成“赤裸生命”，任意创造了分隔性装置来悬置法律，并试图将这种“例外状态”变为常规。然而，“任意的独体”向至高权力发起挑战，拒绝“赤裸生命”碎片化的“生活形式”，从而寻找一种单数“形式生命”。乔治和米里佩德妈妈等人展现了“人类的慷慨大度”，将赤裸生命碎片化的“生活形式”转变为不受至高权力控制的“形式生命”，展示了潜在性本体论的生命向度，从而让“来临中的共同体”成为可能。最终，“来临中的共同体”将村民和波琳娜·赛比索等人从“例外状态”中解救出来。小说以现实性的笔触展示了作者对人类命运共同体的想象。

【关键词】《雨云聚集之时》；贝西·黑德；生命政治书写；来临中的共同体；阿甘本

On the Biopolitical Writing and the Imaginative Community in

When Rain Clouds Gather

LI Meiqin¹, CHEN Xiurong²

(1. School of Foreign Languages, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China

2. School of Foreign Languages, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China)

Abstract: From the perspective of biopolitical theory, When Rain Clouds Gather, a novel written by the South African writer Bessie Head, embodies bare life, the life's dimension of the potential ontology, as well as the imagination of the coming community. As a sovereign power, the sub-chief Matenge has designed a divisive apparatus to suspend the law so as to put such people like Makhaya, Paulina Sebeso, and Gilbert Balfour in a state of exception. Thus, he can turn them into bare life at any time, and he attempts to make this state a norm. Nevertheless, "whatever singularities" have challenged the sovereign power and have rejected the fragmentary forms of life, in an attempt to seek a form of life. People like George and Mma-Millipede have expressed their human generosity and turn the fragmentary forms of life of the bare life into a form-of life that cannot be controlled by the sovereign power, which shows the potential ontology and enables the coming community a likelihood. In the end, the coming community liberates villagers and other people like Paulina Sebeso from the state of exception.  With realistic humor, the novel shows the author's imagination of the community with a shared future for mankind.

Keywords: When Rain Clouds Gather; Bessie Head; Biopolitical Writing; the Coming Community; Agamben

翻译研究

明晰化视阈下《边城》四译本政治军事词汇翻译研究

赵秋荣 郭旭

（北京科技大学 外国语学院, 北京 100083）

【摘要】本文基于《边城》四英译本平行语料库，以政治军事词汇翻译为研究对象，考察译本信息传递的明晰化差异。研究发现：历时看，《边城》四英译本政治军事词汇翻译的明晰化程度逐渐升高。受社会因素、文化身份因素和翻译思想因素等影响，四译本政治军事词汇的明晰化有较大差异。项美丽与邵洵美译本以归化与省译为主，体现出项美丽“异乡客”的身份；金隄与白英译本偏重直译，追求译文等效；戴乃迭与杨宪益译本采取相对保守的翻译方法；金介甫译本体现出尊重事实、注重细节的学者型翻译特点。本文尝试探索了翻译文本明晰率的计算方法与影响因素，对于中国文化外译研究有一定启发。

【关键词】《边城》四译本；政治军事词汇；明晰化；译本明晰率

Translation of Political and Military Words in Four English Versions of Biancheng from the Perspective of Explicitness

ZHAO Qiurong, GUO Xu

(School of Foreign Studies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China)

Abstract: Based on four translated versions of Biancheng in parallel corpora, this paper investigates the differences of explicitness in political and military words. The paper finds that the explication degree in translating political and military words in four translated English versions increased diachronically. Specifically, influenced by social background, cultural identity and translation principles, four English versions show great differences of explicitness in translating political and military words. The dominant strategies of Emily Hahn and Shao Xunmei's version are domestication and omission, particularly reflecting Emily Hahn's cultural identity as a "stranger"  who stays away  from  Chinese  culture. Ching Ti and Robert Payne prefer to use the strategy of literal translation and pursue translation equivalence.  Gladys Yang and Yang Xianyi's version is comparatively conservative.  Jeffrey C.  Kinkley's version reflects the characteristics of his identity as a scholar translator, who shows respect for facts and details. The calculation method and influence factors of explicitness index in translated texts are also explored, which will shed light on the study of translating Chinese culture to the outside world.

Keywords: Biancheng's four  English  versions;  political  and  military  words;  explicitness;  translated texts' explicitness index

“大翻译”范式下的《浮生六记》经典化

马明蓉

（常州工学院 外国语学院, 江苏 常州 213022；

广东外语外贸大学 高级翻译学院, 广东 广州 510420）

【摘要】本研究在“大翻译”范式下考察《浮生六记》的经典化历程，着重分析译者林语堂对作品传播的影响。文章首先概述“大翻译”内涵，并简述《浮生六记》原稿的边缘性，进而历时分析《浮生六记》的语内翻译、语际翻译和符际翻译，突出其中林语堂英译的分水岭作用。“大翻译”范式下，《浮生六记》因不断衍生出语内翻译、语际翻译和符际翻译而实现经典化，成为国内外受众共同的文化记忆。

【关键词】大翻译；《浮生六记》；经典化；林语堂；文化记忆

Canonization of Fusheng Liuji in the Paradigm of "Big Translation"

MA Mingrong

(School of Foreign Languages, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Changzhou 213022, China;

School of Interpreting and Translation Studies, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou 510420, China)

Abstract: In the light of "big translation" paradigm, the current research focuses on the canonization of Fusheng Liuji and the impact of Lin Yutang in its dissemination. With both the notion of "big translation" briefly stated and the obscurity of the original manuscript of Fusheng Liuji touched upon, this article makes an analysis of its intralingual, interlingual and inter-semiotic translations and takes the English translation by Lin Yutang as the dividing line in its global dissemination. The conclusion reveals that it is through on-going intralingual, interlingual and inter-semiotic translations that the originally obscure autobiographical novel has been transformed into a canon and cultural memory shared by readers around the world.

Keywords: big translation; Fusheng Liuji; canonization; Lin Yutang; cultural memory

《道德经》理雅各英译本的翻译生态伦理解读

符蓉 胡东平

（湖南农业大学 人文与外语学院, 湖南 长沙 410128）

【摘要】翻译生态中，竞争是生存手段，协同发展是趋势性方向。理雅各翻译《道德经》时有两种不同的翻译生态伦理取向：“以竞争为导向的宗教型翻译”与“以协同发展为导向的学术型翻译”。理氏译本之所以具有超时空的生存价值，正是因为译者能超越其历史性前理解的镜像投射，实现由一元独大到二元互补，乃至多元共生的转变。翻译群落的竞争冲突与协同合作是客观的普遍存在。“协同为主，竞争为辅，发展优先”是翻译生态系统所必须遵奉的伦理准则。

【关键词】《道德经》；理雅各；生态学；翻译伦理

An Ethical Interpretation of James Legge's English Translation of
Tâo Teh King from the Perspective of Ecology

FU Rong, HU Dongping

(College of Humanities and Foreign Languages, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China)

Abstract: Competition is the means of survival, while co-evolutional development is the ultimate direction among the elements of translation subjects and between the elements of translation subjects and their ecological environment. There are two different ethical translation orientations of Ecology in James Legge's English translation of Tâo Teh King: "Competition-oriented religious translation" and "Co-evolutional development-oriented academic translation". The value of survival in Legge's translation goes beyond time and space, because it has realized the transformation from unilateral dominance to dualistic symbiosis. Competition and co-evolution among all elements of translation subjects are objective and universal in the translational eco-environment. "Co-evolution oriented, competition second, co-development first" is the ethical criterion that translation ecosystem has to follow.

Keywords: Tâo Teh King; James Legge; Ecology; the ethics of translation