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阅读理解真题解析及模拟训练
作者:北京市六一中学 张春荣
时间:2010-02-04

根据不同的目的,同学们应采用不同的阅读方法。一般说来,有扫读、查读和细读三种。

1.扫读(Skimming):

扫读是用浏览全文的方法了解文章的大意和主题思想,并对文章的结构有个总的概念。扫读应特别注意文章的开始段、结束段、文章中每段的首句和尾句以及篇章连接手段和行文中的信息词(signal word),因为它们往往是对文章内容的整体概括,是左右文章大意的关键。

2.查读 (Scanning):

查读如同查电话号码或翻字典查单词一样,是专门用来处理阅读中的细节问题(Supporting Details). Detai1s是用来说明、论证或分析文章中心的。这类题目常以“Wh-”形式来提问,如who, what, when, where, why及how等形式。这些问题的表达通常不会采用文章中的原话提问,而是使用同义词语等。因此,在选择答案前应首先看准题干,看清问题所在,然后在查读时注意寻找与题目相关的关键词语,最后在充分理解原文和原题的基础上确定正确答案。

当然,这类细节性问题所涉及的面是很广的。有的涉及数字计算,如问时间、距离、次数、数量等,认真计算后方可选定正确答案;有的涉及正误判断,要先看选项,根据选项提供的线索,锁定文中相应部分,最后选出肯定答案;还有的询问事实、原因、结果、目的等。总之,做细节题切忌通过自己对某类知识的主观了解和认识做出想象判断,一定要紧扣文章内容,不可随心所欲。

3.细读(Reading for full understanding):

找到文章中的有关范围以后,即在该范围内逐句阅读,特别对关键词、关键句要仔细琢磨,以便对其有较深刻、较准确的理解和掌握。不仅要理解其字面意思,而且要通过推理、判断、弄清文章中“字里行间”潜在的意思。在细读时,对没有学过的生词,可根据上下文或自己的背景知识等来推测其意义;对难以看懂的长句,可借助语法手段,对其加以分析,以达到透彻理解。

Example

2009年湖北省黄冈市中考卷

A little boy invited his mother to attend his elementary school’s first teacher-parent meeting. To the little boy’s dismay (沮丧), his mother said she would go. This would be the first time that his classmates and teachers met his mother and he was embarrassed by her appearance. There was a severe (严重的) scar (伤疤) that covered nearly the whole right side of her face. The boy never wanted to talk about why or how she got the scar.

At the meeting, the people were impressed by the kindness of his mother with the scar, but the little boy was still embarrassed and hid himself from everyone. However, he could hear clearly the conversation between his mother and the teacher.

“How did you get the scar on your face?” the teacher asked.

The mother replied: “When my son was a baby, he was in a room that caught on fire. Everyone was too afraid to go in because the fire was out of control, but I went in. As I was running towards his bed, I saw a burning wood falling down and I placed myself over him trying to protect him. I was knocked to be unconscious (无知觉的), but luckily, a fireman came in and saved both of us.”She touched the burned side of her face. “This scar will be forever, but until today, I have never regretted doing what I did.”

When the little boy heard this, he couldn’t help running towards his mother with tears in his eyes. He hugged her and felt his mother was greater than anyone. He held her hand tightly for the rest of the day.

首先,我们可以确定文章为一篇描述青少年情感的记叙文。在记叙文中,事实推断题占据主体。通过阅读文后试题,明确问题重点集中在妈妈是怎样的一个人,小男孩对妈妈去开会的态度以及哪些事实是正确的。同学们可以先把3个问题串接起来,再仔细阅读文章。

67. The boy’s mother was actually (事实上) _____.

A. ugly B. kind

C. beautiful D. ugly but kind

【解析】细节推断题。文章没有直接描述妈妈的性格,这就需要我们要查读描述妈妈面貌和性格的句子。通过第一段小男孩对妈妈要参加家长会的dismay以及embarrassed 可以知道妈妈的面貌有些ugly,但是第二段第一句话the people were impressed by the kindness of his mother with the scar我们了解到妈妈的善良,因此答案是D。

68. According to the passage, the little boy _____.

A. didn’t ask his mother to attend the meeting

B. wanted his mother to attend the meeting at first

C. didn’t really want his mother to attend the meeting at first

D. wasn’t moved by what his mother said

【解析】细节理解题。首先通读全文,领悟大意,注意关键词的用法,其中选项A,B,C都集中在小男孩对让妈妈参加会议的态度上。在做题中,我们可以采用排除法。文章第一句话就说小男孩邀请了妈妈开会(A little boy invited his mother to attend…) ,所以先排除A;根据最后一段小男孩的一系列举动说明他被妈妈感动了,由此排除D。根据第一段的第2句话中的 dismay (沮丧), 小男孩显然不愿意妈妈参加家长会。因而答案是C。

69. After reading the passage, we know _____.

A. the people at the meeting didn’t like the boy’s mother

B. the boy’s mother was brave but foolish

C. the boy hated what his mother had done

D. we should respect our parents whatever they are like

【解析】细节推断题。通过67、68题的查读,我们知道小男孩对“丑陋”妈妈态度的前后变化以及事情经过,现在要用细读的方法找到文章中的相关范围,对关键词和关键句要仔细琢磨,以便对其有较深刻、较准确的理解和掌握。依然可以采用排除法来做此题。由文章第二段第一句话人们对妈妈的善良印象深刻排除A;在B选项中说妈妈foolish是不恰当的,冲入火中救自己的孩子不能算“愚蠢”,C选项不符合人之常情,母亲救了孩子,孩子怎么会“恨”她呢?故而选D。

Try it yourself

My father died when I was 5. It was hard on us all. My brother, who is 8 years older than me, began to watch over my mother and me.

My mother was forced to get a full-time job. My brother had to get up early every morning. He would get me up for school, and make me breakfast. While I was eating he would lay out my clothes, make my bed, and gather my school books up. As we waited for the school bus, he would play the games my father used to play with me. He did his best to make me happy.

When we arrived home from school, he would help me with my homework and help Mom to cook.

It was a Saturday in June a couple years later. My mother and I were at the store. They had the Father’s Day cards out. I stared at them. My mom said: “Honey, I know this is a hard time for you.” I said: “No, Mom, that’s not it. Why don’t they have ‘brother’s day’ cards as well?”

She smiled and said: “You’re right, your brother has certainly been a father to you. Go ahead and pick out a card.”

So I did. On Father’s Day, my mother and I sat my brother down and gave him the card. As he read it, I saw the tears forming in his eyes. I heard the cracking (哽咽) in Mom’s voice as she said: “Son, your father is proud of you. You do your best to fill his shoes. We love you, and thank you.”

Choose the best answer:

1. After the writer’s father’s death, _____.

A. he had to take care of everything by himself

B. his mother had to give up her job

C. his brother took care of them

D. he became a more serious person

2. The writer’s brother did all of the following for him EXCEPT _____.

A. make breakfast

B. play games with him

C. do his homework

D. wake him up in the morning

3. We can infer (推断) from the story _____.

A. the writer’s brother was good at his studie

B. the writer’s brother had a loving heart

C. the writer’s mother had a good sense of humor

D. the writer’s mother enjoyed working full-time

4. The writer wanted to buy _____ for his brother at the store.

A. a card B. a book

C. some food D. a present

5. The phrase “fill his shoes” in the last paragraph probably means “____”.

A. buy him a pair of shoe

B. try on his shoe

C. work for him

D. take over his dutie

C6: Try it yourself: 1-5 CCBAD

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